摘要
磁导向对接井技术的出现,大大提升了对接连通率,目前广泛应用在天然碱等可溶性矿产的开采中。随着该技术的不断发展,作为地下“穿针引线”导航利器的优秀代表——“慧磁”高精度定向中靶导向系统,以其出色的测量精度、稳定性及可靠性已在国内外对接井中取得数百次的好成绩。本文从科普的角度介绍了井下对接导航的必要性、“慧磁”系统的组成及技术原理、“慧磁”系统发展历程及近年来取得的成果,以此提高大家对“慧磁”系统的认识,达到相互交流、相互促进的目的,最终推动以“慧磁”系统为代表的主动磁测系统的技术持续发展和应用领域的不断拓展。
太空中两个航天器实现轨道交会对接的过程,可谓是“万里穿针”才实现的“惊天一吻”。熟不知上天不易入地更难,在地下数百甚至数千米的岩石中,也存在着一种“穿针引线”的技术——钻井导向技术。该技术可以使井眼轨迹沿着预先设计的井斜和方位钻达目的层,从而保证因地面或地下条件受到限制的矿产资源得到经济、有效的开发,再者大幅增加单井资源产量、还可对井下事故实施救援等。
钻井导向技术按照技术分类可以分为旋转导向、地质导向、岩心定向取心钻探及磁导向钻井等技术。其中旋转导向技术是井下钻具在旋转钻进时,随钻实时完成导向功能的一种导向式钻井系统,是20世纪90年代以来一种具有高科技含量的自动化钻井新技
磁导向钻井技术是我们此次故事的主角,它能够利用磁性导向仪器测量人工旋转信号源而获得钻头位置的距离和方位信息,引导钻头像“贪吃蛇”一样,在矿层中不断游弋穿梭,准确吃到一个个“靶点”而构成对接井组,是现有钻井导向技术的有效补充。当前该技术广泛应用在盐、天然碱、芒硝等可溶性矿产和煤层气资源的开采中。磁导向钻井技术的成功实施离不开井下钻井导航系统,下面我带大家认识一下地下“穿针引线”导航利器的优秀代表——“慧磁”高精度定向中靶导向系统(以下简称“慧磁”系统)。
早期的盐卤井多采用自然溶通或地层压裂连通的方式开采,存在产量低、成本高、连通率低、容易破坏地层等问题,定向对接井开采工艺应运而

图1 自然溶通井和定向对接井对比
Fig.1 Comparison between natural dissolution well and directionally butted‑wells
定向对接井开采工艺的核心在于井下连通,自MWD随钻测量系统、陀螺测斜仪等仪器问世后钻井导向技术取得了突破性的进展。但建立水平通道时因MWD随钻测量技术本身存在测量误差的固有缺

图2 缺失导航系统的“贪吃蛇”
Fig.2 Gluttonous snake without navigation system
磁导向钻井技术最早可追溯到1980年,C. L. West及A. F. Kuckes等人研发的ELREC(Extended Lateral Range Electrical Conductivity)工具,最初应用在引导救援井与事故井连
面对当时国外旋转磁导向系统只租不售和高昂的租赁费用,为打破受制于人的局面,2007年底,中国地质科学院勘探技术研究所技术团队立项研发具有自主知识产权的高精度钻井地下导航对接技术,为这只“贪吃蛇”装上中国人自己的“导航”系统。历经2年的实验室建模及地面模拟试验研究,自主研发的首台人工磁导航系统终于于2009年10月问世,并命名为“慧磁”(SmartMag),同年在土耳其BEYPAZARI天然碱项目中成功实现一次性对接连通(见

图3 2009年“慧磁”系统第一台样机对接连通成功
Fig.3 The first SmartMag prototype was successfully tested in 2009
“慧磁”系统结构上分为硬件和软件两个部分。硬件方面,由旋转磁信标、入井探管、地面机等组成(见

图4 “慧磁”高精度定向中靶导向系统的硬件组成
Fig.4 Hardware composition of SmartMag drilling target‑hitting guide system

图5 “慧磁”高精度定向中靶导向系统的软件界面
Fig.5 Software interface of SmartMag drilling target‑hitting guide system
与传统导航技术不同的是,“慧磁”系统是以旋转的磁信标产生的人工磁场作为参照

图6 “慧磁”高精度定向中靶导向系统工作原理
Fig.6 Working principle of SmartMag drilling target‑hitting guide system
“慧磁”系统自2009年成功连通第一组井以来,在国内外一系列水溶采矿水平对接井施工中得到了大规模应用,累计已成功完成500余井次的高精度中靶对接作
中国地质科学院勘探技术研究所研发团队将不断创新、精益求精,为了能让游弋穿梭的“贪吃蛇”始终在矿层内“百步穿杨”,充分结合地质参数和空间位置参数调整优化井轨迹,实现在矿层内的精准对接连通,“慧磁”系统未来将更加紧密结合地质导向等技术,确保一次连通率和矿层钻遇率,既要打得准、又要打得快、还要打得好。未来,“慧磁”系统将朝着测距更远、精度更高、抗干扰能力更强而不断努力,用优良的仪器和精湛的技术为国内外矿产资源的勘探与开发服务。
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