摘要
近年来,纳米二氧化硅由于其本身超高的比表面积及与水泥的火山灰反应,在石油天然气工业中引起了广泛的关注。本文系统梳理了纳米二氧化硅在固井水泥浆中的研究现状,着重介绍了纳米二氧化硅对固井水泥浆的失水量和稠化时间、对水泥石的力学性能和微观结构的影响,总结了纳米二氧化硅在高温条件下的性能表现,探讨了纳米二氧化硅在固井水泥浆的应用中存在的问题、面临的挑战以及未来的发展方向,以期对纳米二氧化硅在固井领域的应用和发展有所帮助。
固井是油气井建井过程中不可或缺的一个重要环
自20世纪80年代以来,纳米技术因其特殊效应在国内外都引起了广泛的关注,并得以迅速发展,同时使得很多工业领域发生了革命性的变
Qing
目前,NS在固井水泥浆中的研究与应用日益增多。然而,与之相关的系统报导却相对较少。因此,本文综述了NS在固井领域的研究及应用进展,重点介绍了NS对水泥浆失水量、稠化时间、力学性能和微观结构等的影响,总结了NS在高温条件下的性能表现,探讨了NS在固井水泥浆的应用中所存在的问题、面临的挑战以及未来的发展方向,以期对纳米技术在固井领域的应用和发展有所帮助。
NS是一种由极细的二氧化硅玻璃颗粒组成的高效火山灰材料,化学式为SiO2,外观为白色粉末,颗粒直径一般为1~100 nm。
NS对水泥浆体的影响是多方面

图1 NS对固井水泥浆性能的积极作
Fig.1 Positive effect of NS on the properties
of cementing slurry
在固井作业中,失水会对水泥浆的性能产生非常不利的影响,严重可能导致固井失效。研究者们普遍认为,缺乏降滤失控制是导致固井失效的主要原因。常见的方法是向水泥浆中加入化学添加剂,以降低水泥浆滤失量,减少流体向地层的漏失。
Diasty
水泥浆稠化时间是水泥浆的可泵送时间或开始稠化所需的时
而通过向水浆中加入NS则可以有效缩短水泥浆稠化时间。NS巨大的比表面积和火山灰活性正是导致水泥浆凝结时间缩短的主要原因。NS可与水泥水化产生的CH发生水化反应,促进水化反应的进行,从而缩短水泥浆的凝结时
一般认为,通过向水泥浆中添加1%~2%(BWOC)的NS可以获得较为理想的稠化时

图2 不同含量NS对水泥浆凝固时间的影
Fig.2 Effect of NS adding amount on
the setting time of cement samples
由此,可以得出NS的掺入可以有效降低水泥浆的稠化时间,且掺量越高,稠化时间越短。相比于初凝时间,终凝时间对NS掺量的变化往往更为敏感。
通常,与其他力学性能相比,学者们往往更加注重对水泥石抗压强度的研究。在研究NS对水泥石抗压强度的影响方面,国内外学者作了大量的研究工作。大量文
Hasan
针对不同掺量NS对水泥浆抗压强度的影响,Chithra

图3 不同掺量NS对水泥样品抗压强度的影
Fig.3 Effect of NS adding amount on the
compressive strength of cement samples
与此同时,不同粒径的NS也会表现出不同的强度增强效应。Haruehansapong
由Ershadi
将NS添加到水泥浆中会影响水泥石的微观结构,对水泥石的孔隙率、渗透率和水泥环的防窜性能产生一定影响。Ershadi
由于NS的火山灰活性,可以消耗水泥水化产生的CH,形成额外的C-S-H凝胶,并促进水泥石的致密化和改善水泥石的微观结
随着常规石油天然气的大量开采和快速消耗,非常规油气的勘探与开发逐渐提上了日程。由于遇到高温高压,非常规油气开采的难度和风险增大,与之配套的固井难度也相应增加。高温的存在促使水泥浆提早凝固,容易使水泥凝结不当,并可能导致水泥内部出现裂
然而,目前关于NS对油井水泥的改性的研究大多数都集中在正常固化温度(20~80 ℃)下,对于高温条件下的改性研究却相对较少。在110 ℃以上,C-S-H凝胶会转变为水合硅酸二钙(C2-S-H),从而导致强度损
针对高温水泥环力学性能强度衰退这一问题。何毅
NS与其他油井水泥添加剂有较好的配伍性。通过将NS掺入水泥浆中,可以激活水泥的火山灰反应,形成更加致密的微观结构,从而可以提高水泥石的力学性能,降低孔隙率和渗透率,提高油气井的耐久性和服役寿命等。NS不仅可以缩短水泥浆在低温条件下的稠化时间,还可以有效防止油井水泥在高温下的强度衰退。
然而,如果NS颗粒在水泥浆中不能够得到均匀分散,往往会形成空隙和薄弱区
一些学者认为,为避免NS在混合浆料时出现团聚现象,比较合适的NS加量为1%~5%。而Hasan
NS在固井水泥浆中具有很大的应用价值。通过在水泥浆中掺入NS可有效缩短水泥浆候凝时间、减少失水量,提高水泥石的抗压强度,改善微观结构,提高储层封固完整性和延长油气井服役寿命,保障生产过程中的人员安全。同时,NS可防止油井水泥在高温下的强度衰退,有助于降低油气田开发总成本。NS在改善固井质量、提高水泥石强度、保持井筒完整性等方面起重要的作用。结合国内外NS在固井水泥浆的应用研究现状,还存在如下几个问题:
(1)NS由于其高比表面积而难以均匀地分散在水泥浆中,如何更加有效地分散NS值得进一步探究。考虑通过表面改性、改变生产工艺、复配分散剂等方式来实现NS的有效分散。
(2)是否有最佳NS掺量?NS的类型(干粉或胶体)、尺寸(粒度分布范围和平均尺寸)和表面特性等是否会对最佳NS掺量产生影响仍需进一步探究。
(3)在未来的研究方面,需要对NS在油井固井中的使用进行更多的研究和现场试验,以进一步推动纳米技术在石油天然气工业领域中的应用。与此同时,建议探索不同类型的纳米颗粒协同作用的可能性,由此可能会发现更好的性能和新的应用。
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