基于振动冲击的高效钻进技术研究进展

Research progress on efficient drilling technologies based on vibration impact

摘要:

随着地质勘查与资源开发向深部复杂地层持续推进，坚硬致密、破碎坍塌等难钻地层占比显著增加，复杂结构井施工频率不断提升，对钻进效率、井身稳定性及成本控制提出了更高要求。在此背景下，振动与冲击钻进技术凭借其独特的复合破岩方式与振动减阻机制，成为突破复杂地层钻进瓶颈的重要手段。冲击钻进通过高频冲击破碎坚硬岩层，较传统单一回转钻进方式，碎岩效率显著提高；振动钻进则通过施加轴向或周向振动，有效降低钻具与孔壁摩阻，改善排屑与成孔稳定性。其应用效果在矿产资源勘查与能源开发领域受到广泛关注。本文从动力系统集成方式、钻具结构、冲击能量传递机制等维度，重点研究液动冲击器、电动冲击器、水力振荡器和声波钻机，系统梳理冲击回转钻进、水力振动减阻等关键提速技术的研发进展，为复杂地层高效钻进技术的发展提供理论支撑与工程借鉴。

Abstract:

With the continued advancement of geological exploration and resource development into deeper and more complex formations， there has been a significant increase in the proportion of hard， dense， fractured， and collapse-prone strata， along with a rising frequency of complex wellbore construction. These trends place higher demands on drilling efficiency， borehole stability， and cost control. Against this backdrop， vibration and percussive drilling technologies， by virtue of their distinct rock-breaking mechanisms and vibration-induced drag reduction capabilities have emerged as key solutions for overcoming drilling challenges in complex formations. Percussive drilling employs high-frequency impacts to break hard rock and enhance penetration rates. Compared with conventional rotary drilling， the efficiency is significantly improved. Vibration-assisted drilling reduces friction between the drill tool and borehole wall by introducing axial or torsional vibrations， thereby improving cuttings removal and borehole stability. These techniques have attracted widespread attention in mineral exploration and energy development. This paper focuses on the research of hydraulic impactors， electric impactors， hydraulic oscillators， and sonic drill rigs from the perspectives of power system integration methods， drill tool structures， and impact energy transfer mechanisms. It systematically sorts out the research and development progress of key rate-enhancement technologies such as percussive rotary drilling and hydraulic vibration drag reduction， aiming to provide theoretical support and engineering reference for efficient drilling in complex geological environments.