钻井过程中呼吸效应类型识别与控制方法

Identification and control methods for ballooning effect types during drilling

摘要:

呼吸效应是钻井过程中常见的复杂流体现象，表现为钻井液的周期性漏失与返流，易与井涌混淆，对井控安全构成严重威胁。本文在系统梳理相关研究的基础上，将地层呼吸效应归纳为井筒弹性变形、钻井液膨胀-收缩、裂缝性呼吸效应和渗透性呼吸效应4种类型，分别分析其诱发机理、识别特征与适用条件。在识别方面，综述了随钻压力监测（PWD）、电阻率测井、决策树与事件树分析等典型方法，并评估其对不同机制的适应性。在控制方面，总结了控压钻井、连续循环系统、钻井液参数优化等应对策略，探讨其在不同类型呼吸效应中的实施效果。本研究旨在构建呼吸效应的系统认知框架，为复杂工况下的准确识别与科学应对提供理论支持与实践指导。

Abstract:

The ballooning effect is a common and complex flow phenomenon during drilling， characterized by periodic loss and backflow of drilling fluid. It is often confused with well influx and poses a significant threat to well control safety. Based on a systematic review of relevant studies， this paper categorizes the formation ballooning effect into four types—borehole elastic deformation， drilling fluid expansion-contraction， fracture-induced breathing， and permeability-induced breathing—and analyzes their triggering mechanisms， identification characteristics， and applicable conditions. For identification， typical methods such as Pressure While Drilling （PWD）， resistivity logging， decision tree analysis， and event tree analysis are reviewed， and their adaptability to different mechanisms is assessed. In terms of control， strategies including managed pressure drilling， continuous circulation systems， and drilling fluid parameter optimization are summarized， and their effectiveness across different breathing types is discussed. This study aims to establish a systematic cognitive framework for understanding the ballooning effect， providing theoretical support and practical guidance for accurate identification and scientific response under complex downhole conditions.