大洋钻探504B钻孔研究综述：从洋壳结构到地球系统科学前沿

A review of the ocean drilling Hole 504B research： From oceanic crust structure to the frontiers of earth system science

摘要:

大洋钻探504B钻孔是深海科学钻探的里程碑。该钻孔历经40余年9个航次探索，累计钻探深度达2111 m，首次系统揭示了东太平洋哥斯达黎加裂谷的上洋壳完整层序（沉积层-枕状玄武岩-过渡带-席状岩墙群）。通过测井技术和有缆型CORK原位监测装置，研究阐明了洋壳热液循环的“浅层对流-深部补给”机制，发现席状岩墙段微裂隙中存在以H₂为能量来源的化能自养微生物群落。其成果验证了Penrose洋壳模型的核心框架，量化了热液系统对全球碳循环的贡献（年输入无机碳约占河流输入量的15%），并为火星古热液活动、木卫二冰下海洋等地外天体探测提供了关键类比。尽管面临不同扩张速率洋壳结构差异等争议，但504B钻孔仍以多学科交叉模式推动了地球深部过程研究的范式革新，其技术经验（如高温测井、数据共享平台）为深海探测与地外生命研究奠定了基础。

Abstract:

The ocean drilling Hole 504B is a milestone in deep-sea scientific drilling. After more than 40 years and nine expeditions， it has reached a cumulative drilling depth of 2111m， and for the first time， it has systematically revealed the complete sequence of the upper oceanic crust in the Costa Rica Rift of the eastern Pacific Ocean （sedimentary layer-pillow basalt-transition zone-sheeted dyke complex）. Through logging technology and the CORK in-situ monitoring device， the research has clarified the “shallow convection-deep supply” mechanism of the oceanic crust hydrothermal circulation， and discovered that there are chemolithoautotrophic microbial communities in the micro-fissures of the sheeted dyke section， with H? as the energy source. Its achievements have verified the core framework of the Penrose oceanic crust model， quantified the contribution of the hydrothermal system to the global carbon cycle （annual input of inorganic carbon accounts for 15% of the river input）， and provided key analogies for the exploration of ancient hydrothermal activities on Mars and the subsurface ocean of Europa. Despite controversies such as the structural differences of oceanic crust with different spreading rates， the 504B borehole has promoted the paradigm shift in the study of deep Earth processes through an interdisciplinary approach， and its technical experience （such as high-temperature logging and data sharing platforms） has laid the foundation for deep-sea exploration and the study of extraterrestrial life.