工程勘察地应力测量与计算方法现状与发展建议

Review and development suggestion on geostress measurement and calculation methods in engineering investigation

摘要:

随着国家重大工程持续推进，长大深埋隧道与深部岩体工程建设规模逐年扩大，高地应力诱发围岩大变形、岩爆、塌方等工程灾害频发，严重制约工程施工安全与长期运营稳定。地应力形成演化受地球深部动力、岩体自身特性与外部环境等多重因素共同控制，获取准确地应力数据对深部岩体施工意义重大。本文系统梳理了地应力的五大主要动力成因机制，同时分析了地质构造、地形地貌、岩体力学性质等因素对地应力空间分布的调控规律。在此基础上，分类阐述了水力压裂法、孔壁变形法、孔底应力解除法、应力恢复法、声发射法等主流地应力测试技术，逐一剖析各类方法的测试原理、操作流程、适用场景与优缺点；从理论、数值、智能算法三个维度，总结了地应力常用计算方法，详细阐述了弹性力学经典算法、数值模拟计算方法和智能算法的基本原理和应用特点，并探讨了不同计算方式的精度影响因素；提出了优化测试设备、完善多场耦合下地应力计算模型、深度融合智能算法与传统方法等发展方向的建议。研究工作对工程勘察、深部岩体钻探、开采等工程具有一定的参考价值。

Abstract:

With the steady advancement of major national engineering projects， the construction scale of long deeply buried tunnels and deep rock mass projects has been expanding year by year. Engineering hazards frequently occur， including large surrounding rock deformation， rock bursts and collapses induced by high geostress， which severely threaten construction safety and long-term operational stability. The formation and evolution of geostress are jointly governed by deep earth dynamics， intrinsic rock mass properties and external environmental factors. Acquiring accurate geostress data is of great significance for the construction of deep rock mass projects. This paper firstly systematically sorts out five major dynamic formation mechanisms of geostress， and analyzes the control laws of geological structures， landforms， rock mechanical properties and other factors on the spatial distribution of geostress. On this basis， mainstream geostress measurement techniques， namely hydraulic fracturing， borehole wall deformation， borehole bottom stress relief， stress recovery and acoustic emission method are classified and elaborated. The measuring principles， operational procedures， applicable conditions， advantages and limitations are discussed. Furthermore， commonly adopted geostress calculation approaches are summarized from three dimensions： theoretical analysis， numerical simulation and intelligent algorithms. The fundamental principles and application characteristics of classical elastic mechanics algorithms， numerical simulation methods and intelligent algorithms are illustrated in detail， and the factors affecting the calculation accuracy of different methods are investigated. Finally， suggestions are put forward in terms of upgrading testing equipment， improving multi-field coupled geostress calculation models， and realizing deep integration between intelligent algorithms and traditional methods. The presented research can provide valuable references for engineering investigation， deep rock drilling， mining and related engineering practices.