特深大陆钻探装备关键技术发展现状与展望

Development status and prospects of key technologies for ultra-deep continental drilling equipment

摘要:

随着钻探深度向万米级乃至更深部延伸，高温、高压、高地应力、超长管柱及长周期连续施工等因素相互耦合，特深大陆钻探装备面临的主要矛盾已由单一载荷、功率等装备性能指标提升，转变为复杂极端工况下装备体系综合作业能力与系统可靠性的协同提升。本文从装备体系演进角度出发，分析特深大陆钻探装备的发展需求，系统梳理自动化钻机、管柱移运及存储、节能与储能、智能安全运维等关键技术的发展现状，并兼顾科学钻探高质量取心装备的特殊需求。当前特深大陆钻探装备已由大载荷、大扭矩等单机性能强化逐步向自动化、成套化、智能化方向发展，但面向万米级乃至更深部钻探，仍存在多装备协同能力不足、超长管柱连续处理与状态感知能力薄弱、能量动态优化水平不高等问题。面向未来，特深大陆钻探装备应由“单机能力提升”向“系统能力重构”转变，以全过程高效、安全、连续和低耗作业为目标，重点发展以“一键式”多装备协同控制、软硬件模块化集成、自动化与智能化融合及井下自主驱动技术为核心的高效钻探装备系统，推动特深大陆钻探由“地面装备主导、分环节作业”向“地面?井下协同、全过程闭环控制、自主连续作业”演进，为未来特深大陆钻探装备体系建设与关键技术攻关提供参考。

Abstract:

As drilling depths extend to the 10000-meter level and beyond， factors such as high temperature， high pressure， high in-situ stress， ultra-long drill strings， and long-period continuous operations are coupled. The principal challenge facing ultra-deep continental drilling equipment has shifted from improving individual equipment performance indicators， such as load capacity and power， to the synergistic enhancement of comprehensive operational capability and system reliability under complex and extreme working conditions. From the perspective of equipment system evolution， this paper analyzes the development requirements of ultra-deep continental drilling equipment and systematically reviews the state-of-the-art of key technologies， including automated drilling rigs， pipe handling and storage， energy saving and storage， and intelligent safety operation and maintenance， while also addressing the special requirements of high-quality coring equipment for scientific drilling. Currently， ultra-deep continental drilling equipment has gradually evolved from stand-alone performance enhancement， such as high load and high torque， toward automation， complete-set configuration， and intelligence. However， for drilling at 10000 m and beyond， prominent problems remain， including insufficient multi-equipment collaboration capability， weak capability for continuous handling and condition monitoring of ultra-long drill strings， and inadequate dynamic energy optimization. Looking ahead， ultra-deep continental drilling equipment should shift from "stand-alone capability improvement" to "system capability reconstruction." Targeting full-process efficient， safe， continuous， and low-consumption operations， priority should be given to developing high-efficiency drilling equipment systems centered on "one-button" multi-equipment collaborative control， software-hardware modular integration， automation-intelligence fusion， and downhole autonomous driving technology. This will promote the evolution of ultra-deep continental drilling from "surface-equipment-dominated， stepwise operation" to "surface-downhole collaboration， full-process closed-loop control， and autonomous continuous operation，" providing a reference for the system construction and key-technology breakthroughs of future ultra-deep continental drilling equipment.